Environmental Product Declaration for various engineered wood flooring products produced by Allwood Group, LLC at their Jiaxing City facility

Environmental Product Declaration for various engineered wood flooring products produced by Allwood Group, LLC at their Jiaxing City facility



Administrative information

International Certified Environmental Product Declaration


Company Description

Allwood Group strives to be an industry innovator in placing products, people and planet above profit. As a part of ongoing efforts to demonstrate our commitment to those values Allwood presents this and future Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) for our entire catalog of hardwood and bamboo flooring products. The EPD includes Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results for all materials and processes that go into making an Allwood floor, ready to install into the home.

Allwood—as a company—wants to leave the world a little better than we’ve found it by being good stewards of the resources we use and conscientious of what we are leaving behind as well. This EPD reflects our desire to know every aspect of the products we make, and to have complete transparency of their impact on the environment.

You can learn more about the ways Allwood is trying to make a difference at https://www.allwoodgrp.com

Study Goal

The intended application of this life cycle assessment (LCA) is to comply with the procedures for creating a Type III environmental product declaration (EPD) and publish the EPD for public review on the website, https://p3optima.com/ . This level of study is in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) for Flooring published by UL Environment entitled, ‘Guidance for Building-Related Products and Services, Part B: Flooring EPD Requirements’; International Standards Organization (ISO) 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations, Type III environmental declarations-Principles and procedures; ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment- Requirements and guidelines; and ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment-Principles and framework. The performance of this study and its subsequent publishing is in alignment with the business-to-business (B2B) communication requirements for the environmental assessment of building products. The study does not intend to support comparative assertions and is intended to be disclosed to the public.

This project report was commissioned to differentiate Allwood Group, LLC from their competition for the following reasons: generate an advantage for the organization; offer customers information to help them make informed product decisions; improve the environmental performance of Allwood Group, LLC by continuously measuring, controlling and reducing the environmental impacts of their products; help project facilitators working on Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects achieve their credit goal; and to strengthen Allwood Group, LLC’s license to operate in the community. The intended audience for this LCA report is Allwood Group, LLC’s employees, their suppliers, project specifiers of their products, architects, and engineers. The EPD report is also available for policy makers, government officials interested in sustainability, academic professors, and LCA professionals. This LCA report does not include product comparisons from other facilities.

Description of product and scope

This EPD studies the lifecycle environmental impacts of engineered hardwood flooring manufactured by Allwood Group at their manufacturing facility located in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, China. There are 22 engineered flooring products developed in this facility which have a thickness of 14mm and width ranging from 120mm to 220mm. These engineered flooring products constitute of a base ply and a hardwood top layer laminated together using resin. Allwood Group offers numerous engineered flooring options to home owners, builders, architects and interior designers to furnish their indoor spaces with top quality, FloorScore compliant engineered flooring. This EPD explores 22 such products which consist of a Eucalyptus base ply and four different hardwood species: American Walnut, American Hickory, Short-Leaf Acacia and European Oak. A brief description about these hardwood species is provided below:

American Walnut: American Walnut is an easily worked, close-grained wood and has long been prized by furniture- and cabinet makers for its attractive color and exceptional durability. Found in Eastern United States and Canada, the American (black) walnut when grown in open reaches 75’ tall with a round, low branching, open crown that spreads nearly as wide as it is tall. In forests and plantations, the tree may reach 150’ tall with a well formed trunk. The American walnut wood has a rich brown lustrous heartwood with a grain pattern that categorizes itself in between grainy woods like oak and uniform textured woods such maple and poplar.

American Hickory: Also known as Pignut Hickory, it is the hardest and strongest of woods native to the United States. It tends to have a light to medium brown heartwood, with a reddish hue and a paler yellowish brown sapwood. It has a medium texture, with open, medium-sized pores.

Short Leaf Acacia: Not to be confused with the much more commercially popular and common koa (Acacia koa), from the island of Hawaii. Short- Leaf Acacia (Formosan koa) is a slightly heavier and more obscure wood found in forests of South East Asia and Pacific Islands. It’s a fast-growing, relatively short-lived (~40 years) tree with height ranging from 40-60 feet and width around 30 feet. It has traditionally been used to build support beams for underground mines, charcoal for food and medicine in Taiwanese culture.

European Oak: Widely grown and available in Europe, the European Oak has been rated as having very good resistance to decay, and is commonly used in boatbuilding and flooring applications. The wood generally displays a darker tone with a naturally rich and warm golden-brown colour and has straight grain, with a coarse, uneven texture. European oak is considered hard, heavy and strong and is less likely to expand and contract to a noticeable extent when combined with a strong, engineered core.

Product standard definitions

This EPD reports the impacts for different engineered wood flooring products in accordance with the following standards depending on the final product and region:

  • ANSI/HPVA EF 2020: This Standard establishes nationally recognized requirements for commercially available engineered wood flooring.
  • FloorScore®: A recognized indoor air quality (IAQ) certification standard for hard surface flooring materials, adhesives, and underlayments.

The manufacturing process for engineered wood flooring included sourcing of logs of hardwood and Eucalytpus to the processing facility in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang, China. The logs were de-barked and veneers were sliced using on-site machinery. The waste (bark and slabwood) were sent to the woodchipper to be chipped and to be used as a fuel for the boiler. The sliced veneers were then dried using a mesh belt dryer before being pasted together to form plywood. The hardwood layer was then glued to the top of the plywood. The pre-finished engineered wood flooring was then finished by trimming the edges, sanding, filling the knots, painting or fuming and polishing with various coatings before being packaged in carboard boxes and shipping to the customers in the USA.

Allwood Group products are usually installed in indoor spaces such as homes and apartments. The installation, maintenance, repair and refurbishment of these products is dependent on several site condition factors such as type of sub-floor, condition of sub-floor, moisture content, average humidity in the area, etc. There are mainly 3 types of installations for engineered wood flooring - Glue down, Nailed and Floating methods and the machines or processes required for each of these methods are greatly varied. Hence, no single method could be preferred without visiting the building site. The instruction manual provided by the seller or the NWFA guidelines for Installation (NWFA 2019) should be read carefully before attempting to install the flooring.

Performance and Test Method Requirements:

Table 1: Allwood engineered wood flooring meets or exceeds the performance requirements set forth in ANSI/HPVA EF 2020: American National Standard for Engineered Wood Flooring.
Testing Standard Performance Criteria Requirement Performance v/s. Requirement
ANSI/HPVA EF 2020 Width Tolerance +/- 0.25mm Meets
ANSI/HPVA EF 2020 Overwood (maximum limit) 0.31mm Meets
ANSI/HPVA EF 2020 Crook (tolerance) 0.18mm per linear 300mm linear length Meets
ANSI/HPVA EF 2020 End Alignment or Squareness (tolerance) 0.13mm per 25mm width Meets
ANSI/HPVA EF 2020 Flatness (maximum limit) Lift from flat surface should not exceed 1.5% of the piece’s length. Meets
ANSI/HPVA EF 2020 Uniformity of thickness +/- 0.13mm Meets
ANSI/HPVA EF 2020 Product Coverage Area Product coverage area (sq.m./sq.ft.) marked on the package shall be the minimum contained in the package, based on the average of 5 boxes and no underage in a single box more than 3%. Meets
ANSI/HPVA EF 2020 Moisture Content Between 5% to 9% Meets
ANSI/HPVA EF 2020 Formaldehyde emissions Less than 0.05ppm Meets

This LCA assumes the impacts from products manufactured in accordance with the standards outlined in this report. This LCA is a cradle-to-grave study .

Engineered Wood Flooring design summary

The following tables provide a list of the engineered wood flooring products considered in this EPD along with key performance parameters.

American Walnut

Table 2: Declared products with American Walnut considered in this environmental product declaration
Prod# Unique name/ID Short description Product type Unit Density, dry kg/Unit woodSpecies Thickness (mm) Width (mm) Product Weight (g/m2) UUID
1 FRE-114-3-5-AW Engineered wood flooring, American Walnut, width=127mm, thickness=14mm American Walnut m2 7.72 American Walnut 14 127 7.72E+03 085e7f25-b30c-4b99-9cd5-93e41ab43199

American Hickory

Table 3: Declared products with American Hickory considered in this environmental product declaration
Prod# Unique name/ID Short description Product type Unit Density, dry kg/Unit woodSpecies Thickness (mm) Width (mm) Product Weight (g/m2) UUID
2 FRE-114-3-5-AH Engineered wood flooring, American Hickory, width=127mm, thickness=14mm American Hickory m2 8.07 American Hickory 14 127 8.07E+03 b341b142-4e54-4254-8c2c-c891be476fe2

Short-Leaf Acacia

Table 4: Declared products with Short-Leaf Acacia considered in this environmental product declaration
Prod# Unique name/ID Short description Product type Unit Density, dry kg/Unit woodSpecies Thickness (mm) Width (mm) Product Weight (g/m2) UUID
3 FRED-114-2-5-ACA Engineered wood flooring, Short-Leaf Acacia, width=125mm, thickness=14mm Short-Leaf Acacia m2 8.09 Short-Leaf Acacia 14 125 8.09E+03 5e9bce78-a653-4561-94f8-6ba10c7027dc

European Oak (stained)

Table 5: Declared products with European Oak (stained) considered in this environmental product declaration
Prod# Unique name/ID Short description Product type Unit Density, dry kg/Unit woodSpecies Thickness (mm) Width (mm) Product Weight (g/m2) UUID
4 FRE-114-2-5-OK Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=127mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 127 7.86E+03 2046959a-1dac-43d9-bb11-3b0ffea785bb
5 FREB-5-CHA Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=127mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 127 7.86E+03 c1678312-a64e-4bb9-b51f-b33a4cb064a9
6 FREB-5-PD Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=127mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 127 7.86E+03 beabde4c-2b1d-4b1b-9a62-c657a3ebcfdd
8 FREB-7-AST Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 189 7.86E+03 9b35eca1-7825-416e-b44a-1223b9a50a21
9 FREB-7-AVE Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 189 7.86E+03 c19f76fa-6f65-4691-8be0-882275a0d0d5
10 FREB-7-BLC Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 189 7.86E+03 58583b57-1de1-411d-ba04-8652a0dc9f77
11 FREB-7-CAV Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 189 7.86E+03 8219ad9c-57a7-4ec3-a37a-407e01b1c9ff
12 FREB-7-CHA Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 189 7.86E+03 fbdda759-54e3-4c5b-800b-f0cbde6618dd
13 FREB-7-CHA-SEL Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 189 7.86E+03 9b10c56f-5c38-45a8-94c8-e6e274f3bbc9
14 FREB-7-DUN Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 189 7.86E+03 58914131-1a41-4dce-ade9-d2bb929dd4c8
15 FREB-7-FUM Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 189 7.86E+03 bdc1e284-cbef-4652-aa79-42a5eb5f5016
19 FREB-9-CHA Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=220mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 220 7.86E+03 942e346a-0067-43a1-a7c6-94ac2c0b448e
20 FREB-HB-CHA Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=120mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 120 7.86E+03 d8761746-1dce-41de-b73e-515a175a8f4a
21 FREB-HB-FUM Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=120mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 120 7.86E+03 71e7a592-af80-43d3-8b33-8fe63953bc01
22 FREB-HB-TAH Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=120mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (stained) 14 120 7.86E+03 7562dc1f-578c-4131-8bf2-f3815383d907

European Oak (fumed)

Table 6: Declared products with European Oak (fumed) considered in this environmental product declaration
Prod# Unique name/ID Short description Product type Unit Density, dry kg/Unit woodSpecies Thickness (mm) Width (mm) Product Weight (g/m2) UUID
7 FREB-5-TAH Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=127mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (fumed) 14 127 7.86E+03 24dcf0d1-dace-440f-8c9b-875a989b8dc6
16 FREB-7-HDN Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (fumed) 14 189 7.86E+03 a00ff528-a3e2-4340-aca8-6cd91b2c98be
17 FREB-7-TAH Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (fumed) 14 189 7.86E+03 611acaf5-87a3-4504-8083-ea9a28ae84ec
18 FREB-7-TTN Engineered wood flooring, European Oak, width=189mm, thickness=14mm European Oak m2 7.86 European Oak (fumed) 14 189 7.86E+03 4253aee7-fa44-4e9e-b31e-740f6f51e423

Engineered Wood Flooring design composition

The following figures provide mass breakdown (kg per functional unit) of the material composition of each engineered wood flooring design considered.

American Walnut

Figure 1: Material composition - American Walnut per m2

American Hickory

Figure 2: Material composition - American Hickory per m2

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 3: Material composition - Short-Leaf Acacia per m2

European Oak (stained)

Figure 4: Material composition - European Oak (stained) per m2

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 5: Material composition - European Oak (fumed) per m2

A1 raw material recycled content and material losses

The following table provides a list of the raw material inputs (module A1) across all products considered, their recyclability content and assumed material losses.

Table 7: Module A1 raw material inputs, the recyclability content and assumed material losses (dry basis)
product.name mix.category primary.content post.industrial.content post.consumer.content material.losses
American Walnut log sawlog and veneer log, hardwood, measured as solid wood under bark 100% 0% 0% 5%
American Hickory log sawlog and veneer log, hardwood, measured as solid wood under bark 100% 0% 0% 5%
Short-Leaf Acacia log sawlog and veneer log, hardwood, measured as solid wood under bark 100% 0% 0% 5%
European Oak log sawlog and veneer log, hardwood, measured as solid wood under bark 100% 0% 0% 5%
Eucalyptus log roundwood, eucalyptus ssp. from sustainable forest management, under bark 100% 0% 0% 5%
Plywwood resin phenolic resin 100% 0% 0% 0%
Veneer resin melamine formaldehyde resin 100% 0% 0% 0%
Ammonia ammonia, liquid 100% 0% 0% 0%
Paint solvent, organic 100% 0% 0% 0%
WB stain base solvent for paint 100% 0% 0% 0%
Filler acrylic filler 100% 0% 0% 0%
UV Lacquer acrylic varnish, without water, in 87.5% solution state 100% 0% 0% 0%
Packaging corrugated board box 50% 50% 0% 0%

System boundaries

The following figure depicts the cradle-to-grave system boundary considered in this study:

Figure 6: General life cycle phases for consideration in a construction works system

This is a Cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment and the following life cycle stages are included in the study:

  • A1: Raw material supply (upstream processes) - Extraction, handling, and processing of the materials used in manufacturing the declared products in this LCA.
  • A2: Transportation - Transportation of A1 materials from the supplier to the “gate” of the manufacturing facility (i.e. A3).
  • A3: Manufacturing (core processes)- The energy and other utility inputs used to store, move, and manufacturer the declared products and to operate the facility.
  • A4: Product plant gate-to-site of use logistics
  • A5: Product at-site installation requirements
  • B: Product use phase requirements and direct emissions (if applicable)
  • C: Product end-of-life requirements

As according to the PCR, the following figure illustrates the general activities and input requirements for producing engineered wood flooring products and is not necessarily exhaustive.

Figure 7: General system inputs considered in the product system and categorized by modules in scope

In addition, as according to the relevant PCR, the following requirements are excluded from this study:

  • Production, manufacture and construction of A3 building/capital goods and infrastructure;
  • Production and manufacture of steel production equipment, steel delivery vehicles, earthmoving equipment, and laboratory equipment;
  • Personnel-related activities (travel, furniture, office supplies);
  • Energy use related to company management and sales activities.

For this LCA the manufacturing plant, owned and operated by Allwood Group, LLC, is located at their Jiaxing City facility in Zhejiang Province, China. All operating data is formulated using the actual data from Allwood Group, LLC’s plant at the above location, including water, energy consumption and waste generation. All inputs for this system boundary are calculated for the plant.

This life cycle inventory was organized in a spreadsheet and was then input into an RStudio environment where pre-calculated LCIA results for relevant products/activies stemming from the ecoinvent v3.6 database and a local EPD database in combination with primary data from Allwood Group, LLC were utilized. Explanations of the contribution of each data source to this study are outlined in the section ‘Data Sources and Quality’. Further LCI details for each declared product are provided in the sections ‘Detailed LCI tables’ and ‘Transport tables’ of the detailed LCA report. A parameter uncertainty analysis was also performed where key statistical results (e.g. min/mean/max etc.) are provided in the detailed LCA report.

No known flows are deliberately excluded from this EPD.

Transportation to the building site (A4):
Name From manufacturing facility to Warehouse From Warehouse to customers Unit
Type of fuel Heavy fuel Oil Diesel
Liters of fuel 12500 35 L/100km
Vehicle type Cargo ship Truck (trailer)
Transportation distance 9500 1600 km
Capacity Utilization (including Empty Runs, Mass Based) 80 85 %
Gross Density of Products Transported 7.871023 7.871023 kg/m2
Capacity Utilization Volume Factor 0.8 0.85
Installation into the building (A5):
Name Value Unit
Ancillary Materials -
Installation glue 0.66 kg/m2
Underlayments 0.05 kg/m2
Fasteners 0.011 kg/m2
Electricity Consumption 0.02 MJ/m2
Waste ancillary materials -
Installation glue 0.066 kg/m2
Underlayments 0.001 kg/m2
Fasteners 0.001 kg/m2
Reference Service Life:
Name Value Unit
Reference Service Life - RSL (As per the PCR) 75 years
Estimated Service Life - ESL (As per the manufacturer) 100 years
Maintenance (B2):
Name Value Unit
Maintenance Process Information (Cite Source) NWFA Protection, Care and Maintenance Guidelines
Maintenance cycle 3910 (weekly) cycle/RSL
Energy Input (Sweeping/Mopping) 0 kWh
Refurbishment (B5):
Name Value Unit
Refurbishment Process Information (Cite Source) NWFA Sanding and Finish Guidelines
Refurbishment cycle 25 (years) cycle/RSL
Energy Input (Sanding) 3 kWh
Material input for refurbishment (Lacquer) 1967.676 kg
End of Life (C1-C4):
Name Value Unit
Distance to disposal facility 161 km
Disposal (Incineration) 18 % (by mass)
Disposal (Landfill) 82 % (by mass)

Cut-off criteria

ISO 14044:2006 and the focus PCR requires the LCA model to contain a minimum of 95% of the total inflows (mass and energy) to the upstream and core modules be included in this study. The cut-off criteria were applied to all other processes unless otherwise noted above as follows. A 1% cut-off is considered for all renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption and the total mass of inputs within a unit process where the total of the neglected inputs does not exceed 5%.

Data Sources and Data Quality Assessment

Table 14: Recovered on-site energy resources either utilized on-site or off-site
Technology and fuel type Value Units Reovered on-site or off-site
Bioenergy boiler - wood chips 992115.1 kg On-site
Table 15: Reused or recycled components/materials at the A3 facility site
Component/material for re-use/recycling Value Units Re-used/recycled on-site or off-site
Cardboard packaging 3370.106 kg Off-site

The following statements explain how the above facility requirements/generation were derived:

  • Raw material transport: The facility is situated in Jiaxing City, about 100 km from Shanghai in Zhejiang Province in China. The facility sources wet logs of European Oak and Eucalyptus from France and Nanning, China respectively. European logs are shipped to the port of Shanghai and are transported to Jiaxing City using trucks. Sawn and dried Veneers of American Walnut, American Hickory and Short-Leaf Acacia are purchased from an existing market in Jiaxing and transported to the facility using small trucks. Through the sources at facility, it is known that American Walnut logs and American Hickory logs were imported from the USA and Short-Leaf Acacia from Taiwan before being sawn into veneers and purchased by the facility. Hence, these transportation distances have been accounted for in this EPD. Various chemicals used for painting and finishing are manufactured by PPG Industries in Tianjin, China or locally bought from Jiaxing City or Shanghai and transported to the facility using medium size trucks.

  • Electricity: The majority of the facility operations (such as sawing, drying, etc.) are dependent on the use of medium-voltage electricity generated and supplied by the Zhejiang province. The factory’s energy consumptions during a period of one year were determined from their monthly utlility bills. Since, the products of Allwood Group only form a small part of total floorings manufactured at the facility, the energy consumption for the declared products was calculated by dividing the annual electrical consumption by the annual square meter of flooring produced and multiplying by the flooring produced for Allwood Group.

  • Process/space heating: The facility generates its own heat from boilers installed on-site which are fueled by the wood waste. The woodwaste (such as bark and hogfuel) is converted to chips and mixed with sawdust to be sent to boilers for incineration and heat generation through steam. Standard assumptions of 8% bark, 9.3% saw dust, 25% slabwood and 1% shavings by mass were used to calculate the wood waste being generated during debarking, sawing, drying, plywood production and finishing at site. The facility had intimated about 10% sawdust being sold and the remaining being mixed with woodchips before sending it to the boiler for powering the mesh belt dryer and plywood hot press. No fossil fuel (such as Natural gas, diesel or gasoline) is used at site to heat the facility or any of its components.

  • Fuel required for machinery: Diesel tractor-trailer trucks were used for resource transportation at site. Other forms of on-site machinery include woodchipper, mobile cranes, conveyor belts, dumpers, forklifts, loaders and generators. Energy requirements for machinery were based on diesel purchase receipts by the facility over a period of 12 months and dividing it by the quantity of products manufactured for Allwood Group.

  • Waste generation: The facility processes wood waste on-site by chipping the bark and hogfuel into woodchips and mixing it with saw dust before sending it to the boilers for incineration for heat generation. The facility also employs a sewage treatment plant at site and treats up to 18,000 m3 of wastewater on-site. The remaining sewage is sent to the municipal wastewater treatment plants through underground pipelines.

  • Recovered energy: Recovered energy (both on and off-site) was measured based on volume and energy estimates based on business-as-usual processes carried out at the facility.

  • Recycled/reused material/components: The average weight of cardboard was found to be 130g/m2 through literature and the facility packages an average of 2.44m2 of flooring in one box. The overall packaging weight was calculated based on this data. These carboard boxes are opened by end-use customers in the USA and recycled off-site in the municipal recycling facilities. The US EPA report: Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet (US EPA 2020) states that 96.5% of corrugated boxes are recycled and this assumption has been used to model the municipal recycling rates.

  • Module A1 material losses: Through facility records, it was found that about 5% of logs procured from France and Nanning are either lost during transportation or are unusable decayed/diseased wood. A 1% of loss during transmission of water and electricity supply and during treatment of wastewater is also assumed.

  • Direct A3 emissions accounting: The facility did not keep any track of their on-site emissions and hence ecoinvent unit processes for bio-energy generation and plywood production were utilised. Ammonia fuming is carried out in an air-tight room to maintain temperature and pressure requirements of the process. The ammonia fumes are passed through a scrubber having 99% efficiency which captures the fumes and converts it into liquid ammonia to be re-used later. Hence, ammonia off-gasing emissions were estimated to be 1% of total ammonia used for the process. VOC emissions for production stage were retrieved from the FloorScore report available with the facility and hence the VOC emissions were determined in accordance to “Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation of Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions from Indoor Sources using Environmental Chambers- version 1.2” CA Specification 01350.

  • A4 Product transport requirements: Once, the flooring is manufactured and ready for shipping to the USA, large trucks (Class 7) are utilized to transport the flooring to the Shanghai Port and onwards to Portland, Oregon, USA in a ship. According to the data from the company’s sale records during this time, 85% of All Wood Group’s customers resided within 1000 miles and 33% within 200 miles of their storage unit in Tualatin, Oregon.

  • A5 product installation: Installation of wood flooring should be carried out based on accompanying guidelines or using NWFA Installation guidelines (NWFA 2019). These guidelines detail the type of processing, machinery, tools, dust extraction equipment, auxiliary materials, etc. to be used during the installation of engineered wood flooring. VOC emissions for installation and use phase were unavailable with the manufacturer since the installation and refurbishment methods are greatly varied and dependent upon a number of consumer-specific elements. Hence, VOC emissions assumptions were based on labels of products used for such work (Roberts 1407 TDS).

  • B product use phase: There are no electricity, water or material consumptions associated with the Use phase of this product. Weekly sweeping/mopping procedures are recommended for maintenance and long life of the product. Repair and replacement of this product is dependent upon its wear and tear during its use. Chipping or scratches might occur due to rough use and should be repaired accordingly. Estimated Service Life (ESL) for engineered wood flooring manufactured by Allwood Group is 100 years with re-finishing required every 25 years. The refurbishment process includes sanding and finshing has been modelled as per the NWFA guidelines for refurbishment (NWFA 2016). The refurbishment of engineered flooring may involve products which include VOCs and hence the manufacturer’s guide must be used to make the necessary repair. Proper PPE should be worn when installing, sanding, and finishing wood products including ear, eye, and respiratory protection to avoid excess exposure to wood dust. Other suggested protection includes knee pads and rubber gloves. Finish and adhesives, if applicable, should meet low VOC requirements.

  • C product end-of-life: Based on the data from the US EPA report: Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet (US EPA 2020), the amount of wood products recycled is negligible (~0%) whereas combustion accounts for 18% and landfill disposal for 82% for wood waste generated. As per the PCR, waste processing sites were assumed to be 161km away from building sites and diesel-powered trucks were assumed to be used to transport the waste engineered wood flooring.

The following tables depict a list of assumed life cycle inventory utilized in the LCA modeling to generate the impact results across the life cycle modules in scope. An assessment of the quality of each LCI activities utilized from various sources is also provided.

Table 16: LCI inputs assumed for module A1 (i.e. raw material supply)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geo Year Data.Quality.Assessment
European Oak log market for sawlog and veneer log, hardwood, measured as solid wood under bark/sawlog and veneer log, hardwood, measured as solid wood under bark/Europe without Switzerland/m3 ecoinvent v3.6 France v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Paint market for solvent, organic/solvent, organic/GLO/kg ecoinvent v3.6 China v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Poor
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Packaging corrugated board box production/corrugated board box/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 Zhejiang v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Veneer resin market for melamine formaldehyde resin/melamine formaldehyde resin/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 Liaoning v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Plywwood resin market for phenolic resin/phenolic resin/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 Liaoning v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
UV Lacquer market for acrylic varnish, without water, in 87.5% solution state/acrylic varnish, without water, in 87.5% solution state/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 China v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
WB stain base market for solvent for paint/solvent for paint/GLO/kg ecoinvent v3.6 China v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Filler market for acrylic filler/acrylic filler/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 China v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
American Walnut log market for sawlog and veneer log, hardwood, measured as solid wood under bark/sawlog and veneer log, hardwood, measured as solid wood under bark/RoW/m3 ecoinvent v3.6 United States v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Eucalyptus log market for roundwood, eucalyptus ssp. from sustainable forest management, under bark/roundwood, eucalyptus ssp. from sustainable forest management, under bark/GLO/m3 ecoinvent v3.6 Guangxi v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Ammonia market for ammonia, liquid/ammonia, liquid/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 Shanghai v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 17: LCI inputs assumed for module A2 (i.e. transport of A1 inputs)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geo Year Data.Quality.Assessment
American Hickory log- freight transport via Ship market for transport, freight, sea, container ship/transport, freight, sea, container ship/GLO/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 GLO v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
American Hickory log- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
American Walnut log- freight transport via Ship market for transport, freight, sea, container ship/transport, freight, sea, container ship/GLO/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 GLO v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
American Walnut log- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Ammonia- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Diesel consumed on-site machinery- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Eucalyptus log- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
European Oak log- freight transport via Ship market for transport, freight, sea, container ship/transport, freight, sea, container ship/GLO/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 GLO v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
European Oak log- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Filler- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Packaging- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Paint- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Plywwood resin- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Short-Leaf Acacia log- freight transport via Ship market for transport, freight, sea, container ship/transport, freight, sea, container ship/GLO/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 GLO v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Short-Leaf Acacia log- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
UV Lacquer- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Veneer resin- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
WB stain base- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 RoW v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 18: LCI inputs assumed for module A3
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geo Year Data.Quality.Assessment
Ammonia off-gasing Group 5 Original facility data Original facility data Original facility data: 2019-11-01 to 2020-10-31 . Technology: Very good, facility direct measurements
. Time: Very good, original facility data
. Geography: Very good, facility direct measurements
. Reliability: Very good, original facility data
. Completeness: Very good, original facility data
Bioenergy boiler Facility-wide Original facility data Original facility data Original facility data: 2019-11-01 to 2020-10-31 . Technology: Very good, facility direct measurements
. Time: Very good, original facility data
. Geography: Very good, facility direct measurements
. Reliability: Very good, original facility data
. Completeness: Very good, original facility data
Diesel consumed on-site machinery machine operation, diesel, < 18.64 kW, steady-state/machine operation, diesel, < 18.64 kW, steady-state/GLO/hr ecoinvent v3.6 China v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Electricity A3 market group for electricity, medium voltage/electricity, medium voltage/CN/kWh ecoinvent v3.6 Zhejiang v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
On-site wastewater treatment treatment of wastewater from plywood production, capacity 5E9l/year/wastewater from plywood production/RoW/m3 ecoinvent v3.6 Zhejiang v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Plywood production Facility-wide Original facility data Original facility data Original facility data: 2019-11-01 to 2020-10-31 . Technology: Very good, facility direct measurements
. Time: Very good, original facility data
. Geography: Very good, facility direct measurements
. Reliability: Very good, original facility data
. Completeness: Very good, original facility data
Water tap water production, underground water without treatment/tap water/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 Zhejiang v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 19: LCI inputs assumed across modules A4 to C4 (i.e. from plant gate-to-grave if applicable)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geo Year Data.Quality.Assessment
B5. Electricity for refurbishment market group for electricity, medium voltage/electricity, medium voltage/US/kWh ecoinvent v3.6 United States v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
A5. Fasteners market for steel, low-alloyed/steel, low-alloyed/GLO/kg ecoinvent v3.6 United States v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
A5. Fasteners- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, light commercial vehicle/transport, freight, light commercial vehicle/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 see corrsp. product input above v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
A5. floor installation VOCs Facility-wide See A3 inputs A3 region See A3 inputs . Technology: Very good, facility direct measurements
. Time: See A3 inputs
. Geography: Very good, facility direct measurements
. Reliability: See A3 inputs
. Completeness: See A3 inputs
C3. floor waste wood to incineration treatment of waste wood, untreated, municipal incineration/waste wood, untreated/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 United States v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
C2. floor waste wood to incineration- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 see corrsp. product input above v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
C4. floor waste wood to landfill treatment of waste wood, untreated, sanitary landfill/waste wood, untreated/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 United States v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
C4. floor waste wood to landfill- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 see corrsp. product input above v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
A5. Installation glue Production of resins based on Polyurethane or SMP, filled or aqueous, solvent free/EU/kilogram FEICA - Association of the European Adhesive and Sealant Industry (2015) ,Polyurethane resin United States 2015 (valid until 2021) . Technology: Fair
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
A5. Installation glue- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, light commercial vehicle/transport, freight, light commercial vehicle/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 see corrsp. product input above v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
A4. Transport to Customers Product-to-site transport requirements See A4 transport requirements Zhejiang 2019-11-01 to 2020-10-31 . Technology: NA
. Time: NA
. Geography: NA
. Reliability: NA
. Completeness: NA
A4. Transport to Customers- freight transport via Ship market for transport, freight, sea, container ship/transport, freight, sea, container ship/GLO/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 see corrsp. product input above v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
A4. Transport to Customers- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 see corrsp. product input above v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
A5. Underlayment market for polyurethane, flexible foam/polyurethane, flexible foam/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 United States v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
A5. Underlayment- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, light commercial vehicle/transport, freight, light commercial vehicle/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 see corrsp. product input above v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
B5. UV Lacquer for refurbishment market for acrylic varnish, without water, in 87.5% solution state/acrylic varnish, without water, in 87.5% solution state/RoW/kg ecoinvent v3.6 United States v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
B5. UV Lacquer for refurbishment- freight transport via Truck market for transport, freight, light commercial vehicle/transport, freight, light commercial vehicle/RoW/tkm ecoinvent v3.6 see corrsp. product input above v3.6 in 2019 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.6 less than 1 year old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Data Quality Assessment

Data quality/variability requirements, as specified in the PCR, are applied. This section describes the achieved data quality relative to the ISO 14044:2006 requirements. Data quality is judged based on its precision (measured, calculated or estimated), completeness (e.g., unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied within a study serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological).

Precision: Through measurement and calculation, the manufacturers collected and provided primary data on their annual production. For accuracy, the LCA practitioner and 3rd Party Verifier validated the plant gate-to-gate data.

Completeness: All relevant specific processes, including inputs (raw materials, energy and ancillary materials) and outputs (emissions and production volume) were considered and modeled to represent the specified and declared products. The majority of relevant background materials and processes were taken from ecoinvent v3.6 LCI datasets where relatively recent region-specific electricity inputs were utilized. The most relevant EPDs requiring key A1 inputs were also utilized where readily available.

Consistency: To ensure consistency, the same modeling structure across the respective product systems was utilized for all inputs, which consisted of raw material inputs and ancillary material, energy flows, water resource inputs, product and co-products outputs, returned and recovered Flooring materials, emissions to air, water and soil, and waste recycling and treatment. The same background LCI datasets from the ecoinvent v3.6 database were used across all product systems. Crosschecks concerning the plausibility of mass and energy flows were continuously conducted. The LCA team conducted mass and energy balances at the plant and selected process level to maintain a high level of consistency.

Reproducibility: Internal reproducibility is possible since the data and the models are stored and available in a machine readable project file for all foreground and background processes, and in P3 Optima’s proprietary Flooring LCA calculator* for all production facility and product-specific calculations. A considerable level of transparency is provided throughout the detailed LCA report as the specifications and material quantity make-up for the declared products are presented and key primary and secondary LCI data sources are summarized. The provision of more detailed publicly accessible data to allow full external reproducibility was not possible due to reasons of confidentiality.

*P3 Optima has developed a proprietary tool that allows the calculation of PCR-compliant LCA results for Flooring product designs. The tool auto-calculates results by scaling base-unit technosphere inputs (i.e. 1 kg sand, 1 kWh electricity, etc.) to replicate the reference flow conversions that take place in any typical LCA software like openLCA or SimaPro. The tool was tested against several LCAs performed in openLCA and the tool generated identical results to those realized in openLCA across every impact category and inventory metric (where comparisons could be readily made).

Representativeness: The representativeness of the data is summarized as follows.

  • Time related coverage of the manufacturing processes’ primary collected data from 2019-11-01 to 2020-10-31.
  • Upstream (background) LCI data was either the PCR specified default (if applicable) or more appropriate LCI datasets as found in the country-adjusted ecoinvent v3.6 database.
  • Geographical coverage for inputs required by the A3 facility(ies) is representative of its region of focus; other upstream and background processes are based on US, North American, or global average data and adjusted to regional electricity mixes when relevant.
  • Technological coverage is typical or average and specific to the participating facilities for all primary data.

Environmental Indicators and Inventory Metrics

Per the PCR, this EPD supports the life cycle impact assessment indicators and inventory metrics as listed in the tables below. As specified in the PCR, the most recent US EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), impact categories were utilized as they provide a North American context for the mandatory category indicators to be included in the EPD. Additionally, the PCR requires a set of inventory metrics to be reported with the LCIA indicators (see tables below).

Table 20: Life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
ID LCIA.indicators Abbreviations Units
1 environmental impact: acidification AP kg SO2eq
2 environmental impact: ecotoxicity ETP kg 2,4-D-.
3 environmental impact: global warming GWP kg CO2-Eq
4 environmental impact: ozone depletion ODP kg CFC-11.
5 environmental impact: photochemical oxidation PCOP kg O3eq
6 Abiotic Depletion-elements ADPe kg Sbeq
7 Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels ADPf kg Sbeq
Inventory metrics
8 Total primary energy TPE MJ-Eq
9 Non-Renewable Resources NRR kg
10 Renewable energy RE MJ-Eq
11 environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste LFW kg waste
12 environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste LFHW kg waste
13 water depletion: WDP WDP m3 water-.

A summary description of each of the impact categories and inventory metrics is provided in the following table:

Table 21: Definitions of life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
Midpoint impact categories
Global Warming Potential (GWP) (units: kg CO2-eq) Global Warming Potential or climate change can be defined as the change in global temperature caused by the greenhouse effect that the release of greenhouse gases by human activity creates. The Environmental Profiles characterization model is based on factors developed by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Factors are expressed as Global Warming Potential over the time horizon of different years, being the most common 100 years (GWP100), measured in the reference unit, kg CO2 equivalent.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) (kg CFC-11-eq) Ozone-depleting gases cause damage to stratospheric ozone or the ozone layer. CFCs, halons and HCFCs are the major causes of ozone depletion. The characterization model has been developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and defines the ozone depletion potential of different gases relative to the reference substance chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), expressed in kg CFC-11 equivalent.
Acidification Potential (AP) (kg SO2-eq) Acidic gases such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2) react with water in the atmosphere to form acid rain, a process known as acid deposition. Acidification potential is expressed using the reference unit, kg SO2 equivalent. The model does not take account of regional differences in terms of which areas are more or less susceptible to acidification. It accounts only for acidification caused by SO2 and NOx. This includes acidification due to fertilizer use, according to the method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). CML has based the characterization factor on the RAINS model developed by the University of Amsterdam.
Eutrophication Potential (EP) (PO4 3- -eq) Eutrophication is the build-up of a concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem which leads to abnormal productivity. This causes excessive plant growth like algae in rivers which causes severe reductions in water quality and animal populations. This category is based on the work of Heijungs, and is expressed using the reference unit, kg PO4 3- equivalents. Direct and indirect impacts of fertilizers are included in the method. The direct impacts are from production of the fertilizers and the indirect ones are calculated using the IPCC method to estimate emissions to water causing eutrophication.
Photochemical Ozone Creation/Smog Potential (POCP) (kg O3-eq) Ozone is protective in the stratosphere, but on the ground-level, it is toxic to humans in high concentration. Photochemical ozone, also called ground-level ozone, is formed by the reaction of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of heat and sunlight. The impact category depends largely on the amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), ammonium and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds). Photochemical ozone creation potential (also known as summer smog) for emission of substances to air is calculated with the United Nations Economic Commission for 22 Europe (UNECE) trajectory model (including fate) and expressed using the reference unit, kg ethylene (C2H4) equivalent.
Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADPel and ADPff) (kg Sb-eq) The main concern of this category is the health of humans and the ecosystem and how it is affected by the extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, which are inputs into the system. For each extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, the abiotic depletion factor is determined. This indicator is on a global scale and is based on the concentration reserves and rate of deaccumulation. The results are presented in units of the reference element strontium (i.e. Sb). For the purposes of this EPD, this impact category is split between mineral elements (i.e. ADPel) and fossil fuels (i.e. ADPff).
Inventory metrics
Depletion of non-renewable material resources (NRM) (kg) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable resources that are extracted from the ground but not including energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas. This indicator includes the consumption of metallic ores, aggregates and other minerals. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable material resources (RM) (m3) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of renewable resources that are extracted from nature like sustainably harvested biomass. The units of measure are in terms of cubic meters material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Depletion of non-renewable energy resources (NRE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable energy resources like oil, natural gas, and coal. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable primary energy (RE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle extraction of renewable energy resources from nature like solar and wind energy as well as biomass for energy purposes. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Total primary energy consumption (PEC) (MJ HHV) This indicator is the summatation of non-renewable and renewable energy extracted from nature, where the units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted/utilized/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Concrete batching water consumption (CBWC) (m3) This indicator is defined as the direct water used in concrete mix batches. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete washing water consumption (CWWC) (m3) This inidcator is defined as the direct washing water used at the facility. The units of measure are in cubic meters of wash water consumed.
Total water consumption (TWC) (m3) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of water required to produced the declared functional unit of a given product. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete hazardous waste (CHW) (kg) This indicator considers the amount of hazardous waste waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.
Concrete non-hazardous waste (CNHW) (kg) This indicator considers the direct amount of non-hazardous waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.

It should be noted that emerging LCA impact categories and inventory items are still under development and can have high levels of uncertainty that preclude international acceptance pending further development. Use caution when interpreting data in any of the following categories.

  • Renewable primary energy resources as energy (fuel);
  • Renewable primary resources as material;
  • Non-renewable primary resources as energy (fuel);
  • Non-renewable primary resources as material;
  • Secondary Materials;
  • Renewable secondary fuels;
  • Non-renewable secondary fuels;
  • Recovered energy;
  • Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil mineral resources.
  • Land use related impacts, for example on biodiversity and/or soil fertility;
  • Toxicological aspects;
  • Emissions from land use change [GWP 100 (land-use change)];
  • Hazardous waste disposed;
  • Non-hazardous waste disposed;
  • High-level radioactive waste;
  • Intermediate and low-level radioactive waste;
  • Components for reuse;
  • Materials for recycling;
  • Materials for energy recovery;
  • Recovered energy exported from the product system.

Total impact summary

The following table reports the total LCA results for each product produced at the given engineered wood flooring facility on a per m2 basis. This EPD was created using industry-average data for upstream materials.

American Walnut

Table 22: Total life cycle (across modules in scope) impact results for American Walnut, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m2 basis

Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP TPE RE NRE NRR RR ADPe ADPf WDP LFW LFHW
Unit kg SO2eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11. kg O3eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 kg Sbeq kg Sbeq m3 water-. kg waste kg waste
Minimum 0.285 0.0114 18.4 2.26e-06 0.14 1080 780 293 11.7 0.038 0.000584 0.142 0.0912 13.4 0.000422
Maximum 0.285 0.0114 18.4 2.26e-06 0.14 1080 780 293 11.7 0.038 0.000584 0.142 0.0912 13.4 0.000422
Mean 0.285 0.0114 18.4 2.26e-06 0.14 1080 780 293 11.7 0.038 0.000584 0.142 0.0912 13.4 0.000422
Median 0.285 0.0114 18.4 2.26e-06 0.14 1080 780 293 11.7 0.038 0.000584 0.142 0.0912 13.4 0.000422
FRE-114-3-5-AW 0.285 0.0114 18.4 2.26e-06 0.14 1080 780 293 11.7 0.038 0.000584 0.142 0.0912 13.4 0.000422

American Hickory

Table 23: Total life cycle (across modules in scope) impact results for American Hickory, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m2 basis

Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP TPE RE NRE NRR RR ADPe ADPf WDP LFW LFHW
Unit kg SO2eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11. kg O3eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 kg Sbeq kg Sbeq m3 water-. kg waste kg waste
Minimum 0.293 0.0116 18.8 2.27e-06 0.145 1050 752 298 11.7 0.0369 0.000595 0.145 0.0931 13.6 0.000425
Maximum 0.293 0.0116 18.8 2.27e-06 0.145 1050 752 298 11.7 0.0369 0.000595 0.145 0.0931 13.6 0.000425
Mean 0.293 0.0116 18.8 2.27e-06 0.145 1050 752 298 11.7 0.0369 0.000595 0.145 0.0931 13.6 0.000425
Median 0.293 0.0116 18.8 2.27e-06 0.145 1050 752 298 11.7 0.0369 0.000595 0.145 0.0931 13.6 0.000425
FRE-114-3-5-AH 0.293 0.0116 18.8 2.27e-06 0.145 1050 752 298 11.7 0.0369 0.000595 0.145 0.0931 13.6 0.000425

Short-Leaf Acacia

Table 24: Total life cycle (across modules in scope) impact results for Short-Leaf Acacia, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m2 basis

Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP TPE RE NRE NRR RR ADPe ADPf WDP LFW LFHW
Unit kg SO2eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11. kg O3eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 kg Sbeq kg Sbeq m3 water-. kg waste kg waste
Minimum 0.201 0.00941 16.9 1.91e-06 0.106 1030 751 272 11.6 0.0369 0.000564 0.133 0.0913 13.6 0.000399
Maximum 0.201 0.00941 16.9 1.91e-06 0.106 1030 751 272 11.6 0.0369 0.000564 0.133 0.0913 13.6 0.000399
Mean 0.201 0.00941 16.9 1.91e-06 0.106 1030 751 272 11.6 0.0369 0.000564 0.133 0.0913 13.6 0.000399
Median 0.201 0.00941 16.9 1.91e-06 0.106 1030 751 272 11.6 0.0369 0.000564 0.133 0.0913 13.6 0.000399
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 0.201 0.00941 16.9 1.91e-06 0.106 1030 751 272 11.6 0.0369 0.000564 0.133 0.0913 13.6 0.000399

European Oak (stained)

Table 25: Total life cycle (across modules in scope) impact results for European Oak (stained), assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m2 basis

Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP TPE RE NRE NRR RR ADPe ADPf WDP LFW LFHW
Unit kg SO2eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11. kg O3eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 kg Sbeq kg Sbeq m3 water-. kg waste kg waste
Minimum 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
Maximum 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
Mean 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
Median 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FRE-114-2-5-OK 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-5-CHA 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-5-PD 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-7-AST 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-7-AVE 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-7-BLC 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-7-CAV 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-7-CHA 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-7-DUN 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-7-FUM 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-9-CHA 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-HB-CHA 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-HB-FUM 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406
FREB-HB-TAH 0.279 0.0114 18.3 2.25e-06 0.138 1080 778 293 12.4 0.0376 0.000594 0.142 0.092 13.6 0.000406

European Oak (fumed)

Table 26: Total life cycle (across modules in scope) impact results for European Oak (fumed), assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m2 basis

Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP TPE RE NRE NRR RR ADPe ADPf WDP LFW LFHW
Unit kg SO2eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11. kg O3eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 kg Sbeq kg Sbeq m3 water-. kg waste kg waste
Minimum 0.279 0.0112 18 2.11e-06 0.137 988 699 284 11.8 0.0346 0.000577 0.138 0.0961 13.2 0.00038
Maximum 0.287 0.0116 18.6 2.22e-06 0.139 1080 778 294 12.3 0.0376 0.000594 0.143 0.103 13.6 0.000399
Mean 0.281 0.0113 18.2 2.14e-06 0.138 1010 719 286 11.9 0.0354 0.000581 0.139 0.0978 13.3 0.000385
Median 0.279 0.0112 18 2.11e-06 0.137 988 699 284 11.8 0.0346 0.000577 0.138 0.0961 13.2 0.00038
FREB-5-TAH 0.279 0.0112 18 2.11e-06 0.137 988 699 284 11.8 0.0346 0.000577 0.138 0.0961 13.2 0.00038
FREB-7-HDN 0.279 0.0112 18 2.11e-06 0.137 988 699 284 11.8 0.0346 0.000577 0.138 0.0961 13.2 0.00038
FREB-7-TAH 0.279 0.0112 18 2.11e-06 0.137 988 699 284 11.8 0.0346 0.000577 0.138 0.0961 13.2 0.00038
FREB-7-TTN 0.287 0.0116 18.6 2.22e-06 0.139 1080 778 294 12.3 0.0376 0.000594 0.143 0.103 13.6 0.000399

The following pie charts provide aggregated life cycle module breakdowns across all life cycle indicators considered for each product. First click on a desired impact category, and then a specific product range or type for specific product comparisons across each category/indicator for a given product range or type..

Impact breakdown plots by modules

environmental impact: acidification

American Walnut

Figure 8: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = kg SO2eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 9: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = kg SO2eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 10: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = kg SO2eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 11: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = kg SO2eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 12: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = kg SO2eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

environmental impact: eutrophication

American Walnut

Figure 13: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 14: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 15: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 16: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 17: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m2. Outer values are relative.

environmental impact: global warming

American Walnut

Figure 18: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 19: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 20: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 21: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 22: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

environmental impact: ozone depletion

American Walnut

Figure 23: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11. per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 24: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11. per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 25: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11. per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 26: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11. per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 27: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11. per m2. Outer values are relative.

environmental impact: photochemical oxidation

American Walnut

Figure 28: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg O3eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 29: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg O3eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 30: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg O3eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 31: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg O3eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 32: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg O3eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Total primary energy

American Walnut

Figure 33: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 34: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 35: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 36: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 37: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Renewable energy

American Walnut

Figure 38: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 39: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 40: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 41: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 42: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Non-renewable energy

American Walnut

Figure 43: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 44: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 45: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 46: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 47: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Non-Renewable Resources

American Walnut

Figure 48: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 49: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 50: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 51: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 52: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m2. Outer values are relative.

Renewable Resources

American Walnut

Figure 53: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = m3 per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 54: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = m3 per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 55: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = m3 per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 56: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = m3 per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 57: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = m3 per m2. Outer values are relative.

Abiotic Depletion-elements

American Walnut

Figure 58: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 59: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 60: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 61: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 62: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels

American Walnut

Figure 63: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 64: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 65: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 66: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 67: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m2. Outer values are relative.

water depletion: WDP

American Walnut

Figure 68: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 water-. per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 69: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 water-. per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 70: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 water-. per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 71: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 water-. per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 72: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 water-. per m2. Outer values are relative.

environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste

American Walnut

Figure 73: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 74: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 75: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 76: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 77: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste

American Walnut

Figure 78: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Walnut. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

American Hickory

Figure 79: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across American Hickory. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

Short-Leaf Acacia

Figure 80: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across Short-Leaf Acacia. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (stained)

Figure 81: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (stained). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

European Oak (fumed)

Figure 82: Breakdown of total impacts aggregated by modules across European Oak (fumed). Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m2. Outer values are relative.

Impact breakdown tables by modules

environmental impact: acidification

Table 27: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: environmental impact: acidification(AP), kg SO2eq note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 8.18 8.83 29.1 17.3 2.3 NA NA NA NA 2.46 NA NA NA 0.0942 0.148 0.823
Maximum 11.9 39.2 44.8 25.8 3.42 NA NA NA NA 3.63 NA NA NA 0.14 0.22 1.23
Mean 8.62 35.8 31 18.4 2.43 NA NA NA NA 2.59 NA NA NA 0.0997 0.156 0.873
Median 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 NA NA NA NA 2.55 NA NA NA 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FRE-114-3-5-AW 8.49 39.2 29.1 17.3 2.3 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.46 neg. neg. neg. 0.0942 0.148 0.823
FRE-114-3-5-AH 8.18 37.7 30.5 17.7 2.34 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.49 neg. neg. neg. 0.0961 0.151 0.838
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 11.9 8.83 44.8 25.8 3.42 neg. neg. neg. neg. 3.63 neg. neg. neg. 0.14 0.22 1.23
FRE-114-2-5-OK 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-5-CHA 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-5-PD 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-5-TAH 8.22 36.4 31.3 18.1 2.39 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.098 0.154 0.858
FREB-7-AST 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-7-AVE 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-7-BLC 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-7-CAV 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-7-CHA 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-7-DUN 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-7-FUM 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-7-HDN 8.22 36.4 31.3 18.1 2.39 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.098 0.154 0.858
FREB-7-TAH 8.22 36.4 31.3 18.1 2.39 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.098 0.154 0.858
FREB-7-TTN 8.8 36 31.7 17.6 2.33 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.48 neg. neg. neg. 0.0955 0.15 0.836
FREB-9-CHA 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-HB-CHA 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-HB-FUM 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86
FREB-HB-TAH 8.5 37.1 30.2 18.1 2.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.55 neg. neg. neg. 0.0982 0.154 0.86

environmental impact: eutrophication

Table 28: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: environmental impact: eutrophication(EP), kg N note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 17.3 11.4 22.8 16.6 6.37 NA NA NA NA 1.02 NA NA NA 0.16 0.789 3.99
Maximum 21.5 30.5 30.2 21.2 8.12 NA NA NA NA 1.29 NA NA NA 0.204 1.01 5.09
Mean 18.4 27.8 23.9 17.2 6.56 NA NA NA NA 1.04 NA NA NA 0.165 0.812 4.11
Median 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 NA NA NA NA 1.03 NA NA NA 0.163 0.802 4.06
FRE-114-3-5-AW 17.8 30.5 22.8 16.6 6.37 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.02 neg. neg. neg. 0.16 0.789 3.99
FRE-114-3-5-AH 17.3 29.2 24 17 6.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.164 0.805 4.07
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 21.5 11.4 30.2 21.2 8.12 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.29 neg. neg. neg. 0.204 1.01 5.09
FRE-114-2-5-OK 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-5-CHA 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-5-PD 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-5-TAH 17.3 27.9 24.8 17.2 6.58 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.05 neg. neg. neg. 0.166 0.815 4.13
FREB-7-AST 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-7-AVE 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-7-BLC 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-7-CAV 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-7-CHA 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-7-DUN 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-7-FUM 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-7-HDN 17.3 27.9 24.8 17.2 6.58 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.05 neg. neg. neg. 0.166 0.815 4.13
FREB-7-TAH 17.3 27.9 24.8 17.2 6.58 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.05 neg. neg. neg. 0.166 0.815 4.13
FREB-7-TTN 17.6 28 25.3 16.7 6.39 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.02 neg. neg. neg. 0.161 0.791 4
FREB-9-CHA 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-HB-CHA 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-HB-FUM 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06
FREB-HB-TAH 18.6 28.6 23.3 17 6.48 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.163 0.802 4.06

environmental impact: global warming

Table 29: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: environmental impact: global warming(GWP), kg CO2-Eq note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 13.2 15.5 19.1 20.4 9.57 NA NA NA NA 6.87 NA NA NA 0.292 0.146 3.7
Maximum 15.5 25.5 22.9 23.3 11 NA NA NA NA 7.83 NA NA NA 0.334 0.167 4.25
Mean 14 24.1 19.7 21.1 9.86 NA NA NA NA 7.07 NA NA NA 0.302 0.151 3.82
Median 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 NA NA NA NA 7.03 NA NA NA 0.3 0.15 3.8
FRE-114-3-5-AW 13.6 25.5 20 20.4 9.57 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.87 neg. neg. neg. 0.292 0.146 3.7
FRE-114-3-5-AH 13.2 24.3 20.5 20.9 9.8 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.01 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.79
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 14.7 15.5 22.9 23.3 11 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.83 neg. neg. neg. 0.334 0.167 4.25
FRE-114-2-5-OK 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-5-CHA 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-5-PD 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-5-TAH 14.3 23.3 19.7 21.3 9.95 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.14 neg. neg. neg. 0.304 0.152 3.86
FREB-7-AST 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-7-AVE 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-7-BLC 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-7-CAV 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-7-CHA 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-7-DUN 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-7-FUM 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-7-HDN 14.3 23.3 19.7 21.3 9.95 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.14 neg. neg. neg. 0.304 0.152 3.86
FREB-7-TAH 14.3 23.3 19.7 21.3 9.95 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.14 neg. neg. neg. 0.304 0.152 3.86
FREB-7-TTN 15.5 24 19.1 20.6 9.65 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.295 0.147 3.74
FREB-9-CHA 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-HB-CHA 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-HB-FUM 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8
FREB-HB-TAH 13.8 24.7 19.4 21 9.81 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.03 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.15 3.8

environmental impact: ozone depletion

Table 30: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: environmental impact: ozone depletion(ODP), kg CFC-11. note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 14.4 29.5 1.53 32.3 0.912 NA NA NA NA 2.68 NA NA NA 0.468 0.0908 3.14
Maximum 19.3 42.4 1.93 40.2 1.13 NA NA NA NA 3.31 NA NA NA 0.58 0.113 3.92
Mean 16.5 40.6 1.57 33.8 0.948 NA NA NA NA 2.78 NA NA NA 0.487 0.0945 3.28
Median 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 NA NA NA NA 2.73 NA NA NA 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FRE-114-3-5-AW 16.4 42.4 1.55 32.3 0.912 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.68 neg. neg. neg. 0.468 0.0908 3.14
FRE-114-3-5-AH 16.2 41 1.61 33.7 0.946 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.486 0.0943 3.26
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 19.3 29.5 1.93 40.2 1.13 neg. neg. neg. neg. 3.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.58 0.113 3.92
FRE-114-2-5-OK 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-5-CHA 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-5-PD 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-5-TAH 14.4 40.5 1.64 35.4 0.994 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.51 0.099 3.44
FREB-7-AST 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-7-AVE 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-7-BLC 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-7-CAV 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-7-CHA 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-7-DUN 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-7-FUM 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-7-HDN 14.4 40.5 1.64 35.4 0.994 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.51 0.099 3.44
FREB-7-TAH 14.4 40.5 1.64 35.4 0.994 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.51 0.099 3.44
FREB-7-TTN 16 41.2 1.56 33.7 0.945 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.485 0.0941 3.27
FREB-9-CHA 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-HB-CHA 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-HB-FUM 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22
FREB-HB-TAH 16.8 41.1 1.53 33.2 0.93 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.477 0.0927 3.22

environmental impact: photochemical oxidation

Table 31: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation(PCOP), kg O3eq note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 8.78 6.61 37.7 14.3 2.99 NA NA NA NA 1.28 NA NA NA 0.068 0.203 0.777
Maximum 12 33.5 54.3 19.7 4.13 NA NA NA NA 1.76 NA NA NA 0.0939 0.281 1.08
Mean 9.26 30.4 39.9 14.9 3.12 NA NA NA NA 1.34 NA NA NA 0.0712 0.213 0.816
Median 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 NA NA NA NA 1.32 NA NA NA 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FRE-114-3-5-AW 9.22 33.5 37.7 14.3 2.99 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.28 neg. neg. neg. 0.068 0.203 0.777
FRE-114-3-5-AH 8.78 32 39.4 14.4 3.02 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.28 neg. neg. neg. 0.0688 0.206 0.785
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 12 6.61 54.3 19.7 4.13 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.76 neg. neg. neg. 0.0939 0.281 1.08
FRE-114-2-5-OK 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-5-CHA 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-5-PD 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-5-TAH 8.8 31.2 39.5 14.9 3.11 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.33 neg. neg. neg. 0.0709 0.212 0.812
FREB-7-AST 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-7-AVE 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-7-BLC 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-7-CAV 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-7-CHA 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-7-DUN 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-7-FUM 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-7-HDN 8.8 31.2 39.5 14.9 3.11 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.33 neg. neg. neg. 0.0709 0.212 0.812
FREB-7-TAH 8.8 31.2 39.5 14.9 3.11 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.33 neg. neg. neg. 0.0709 0.212 0.812
FREB-7-TTN 9.37 31.3 39.1 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.0701 0.21 0.803
FREB-9-CHA 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-HB-CHA 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-HB-FUM 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804
FREB-HB-TAH 9.2 31.4 39.2 14.7 3.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.32 neg. neg. neg. 0.0702 0.21 0.804

Total primary energy

Table 32: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: Total primary energy(TPE), MJ-Eq note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 75.9 4.38 3.54 5.46 3.8 NA NA NA NA 2.21 NA NA NA 0.0805 0.0233 0.56
Maximum 78.3 6.89 4.03 6.1 4.23 NA NA NA NA 2.45 NA NA NA 0.0895 0.0259 0.625
Mean 77.2 6.59 3.64 5.69 3.95 NA NA NA NA 2.29 NA NA NA 0.0836 0.0242 0.583
Median 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 NA NA NA NA 2.25 NA NA NA 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FRE-114-3-5-AW 77.3 6.89 3.67 5.46 3.8 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.21 neg. neg. neg. 0.0805 0.0233 0.56
FRE-114-3-5-AH 76.3 6.85 3.92 5.85 4.06 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.35 neg. neg. neg. 0.0861 0.0249 0.598
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 78.3 4.38 4.03 6.01 4.18 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.42 neg. neg. neg. 0.0883 0.0256 0.618
FRE-114-2-5-OK 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-5-CHA 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-5-PD 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-5-TAH 75.9 6.71 3.86 6.1 4.23 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.45 neg. neg. neg. 0.0895 0.0259 0.625
FREB-7-AST 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-7-AVE 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-7-BLC 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-7-CAV 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-7-CHA 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-7-DUN 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-7-FUM 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-7-HDN 75.9 6.71 3.86 6.1 4.23 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.45 neg. neg. neg. 0.0895 0.0259 0.625
FREB-7-TAH 75.9 6.71 3.86 6.1 4.23 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.45 neg. neg. neg. 0.0895 0.0259 0.625
FREB-7-TTN 77.5 6.58 3.54 5.59 3.87 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.24 neg. neg. neg. 0.0821 0.0237 0.573
FREB-9-CHA 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-HB-CHA 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-HB-FUM 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573
FREB-HB-TAH 77.4 6.68 3.55 5.6 3.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.25 neg. neg. neg. 0.0822 0.0238 0.573

Renewable energy

Table 33: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: Renewable energy(RE), MJ-Eq note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 98.9 0.0769 0.412 0.103 0.179 NA NA NA NA 0.214 NA NA NA 0.00165 0.00075 0.0124
Maximum 99 0.106 0.464 0.118 0.203 NA NA NA NA 0.242 NA NA NA 0.00188 0.000852 0.0141
Mean 99 0.102 0.424 0.108 0.187 NA NA NA NA 0.222 NA NA NA 0.00172 0.000781 0.0129
Median 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 NA NA NA NA 0.218 NA NA NA 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FRE-114-3-5-AW 99 0.105 0.428 0.103 0.179 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.214 neg. neg. neg. 0.00165 0.00075 0.0124
FRE-114-3-5-AH 98.9 0.106 0.463 0.112 0.194 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.231 neg. neg. neg. 0.00179 0.000813 0.0134
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 98.9 0.0769 0.464 0.112 0.195 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.232 neg. neg. neg. 0.00179 0.000816 0.0135
FRE-114-2-5-OK 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-5-CHA 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-5-PD 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-5-TAH 98.9 0.104 0.459 0.118 0.203 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.242 neg. neg. neg. 0.00188 0.000852 0.0141
FREB-7-AST 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-7-AVE 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-7-BLC 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-7-CAV 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-7-CHA 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-7-DUN 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-7-FUM 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-7-HDN 98.9 0.104 0.459 0.118 0.203 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.242 neg. neg. neg. 0.00188 0.000852 0.0141
FREB-7-TAH 98.9 0.104 0.459 0.118 0.203 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.242 neg. neg. neg. 0.00188 0.000852 0.0141
FREB-7-TTN 99 0.101 0.413 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-9-CHA 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-HB-CHA 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-HB-FUM 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127
FREB-HB-TAH 99 0.103 0.412 0.106 0.183 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.218 neg. neg. neg. 0.00169 0.000765 0.0127

Non-renewable energy

Table 34: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: Non-renewable energy(NRE), MJ-Eq note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 18 16.6 11.9 20.1 13.7 NA NA NA NA 7.63 NA NA NA 0.295 0.0847 2.05
Maximum 19.8 25.4 14 22.7 15.5 NA NA NA NA 8.61 NA NA NA 0.334 0.0959 2.33
Mean 18.6 24.1 12.2 20.8 14 NA NA NA NA 7.83 NA NA NA 0.304 0.0871 2.12
Median 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 NA NA NA NA 7.77 NA NA NA 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FRE-114-3-5-AW 18.4 25.4 12.4 20.1 13.7 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.63 neg. neg. neg. 0.295 0.0847 2.05
FRE-114-3-5-AH 18 24.3 12.7 20.7 14 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.81 neg. neg. neg. 0.304 0.087 2.11
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 19.8 16.6 14 22.7 15.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.61 neg. neg. neg. 0.334 0.0959 2.33
FRE-114-2-5-OK 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-5-CHA 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-5-PD 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-5-TAH 18.2 23.4 12.3 21.2 14.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8 neg. neg. neg. 0.31 0.089 2.16
FREB-7-AST 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-7-AVE 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-7-BLC 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-7-CAV 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-7-CHA 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-7-DUN 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-7-FUM 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-7-HDN 18.2 23.4 12.3 21.2 14.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8 neg. neg. neg. 0.31 0.089 2.16
FREB-7-TAH 18.2 23.4 12.3 21.2 14.4 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8 neg. neg. neg. 0.31 0.089 2.16
FREB-7-TTN 19.4 24.2 11.9 20.5 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.74 neg. neg. neg. 0.3 0.086 2.09
FREB-9-CHA 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-HB-CHA 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-HB-FUM 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1
FREB-HB-TAH 18.6 24.6 12 20.6 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.77 neg. neg. neg. 0.301 0.0864 2.1

Non-Renewable Resources

Table 35: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: Non-Renewable Resources(NRR), kg note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 20.1 32.5 2.24 20.9 4.71 NA NA NA NA 1.15 NA NA NA 0.362 0.305 11.5
Maximum 24.5 37.1 2.58 22.7 5.15 NA NA NA NA 1.24 NA NA NA 0.395 0.334 12.6
Mean 23.3 34.9 2.29 21.2 4.78 NA NA NA NA 1.17 NA NA NA 0.368 0.31 11.7
Median 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 NA NA NA NA 1.15 NA NA NA 0.362 0.305 11.5
FRE-114-3-5-AW 20.2 37.1 2.45 21.5 4.88 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.2 neg. neg. neg. 0.375 0.316 11.9
FRE-114-3-5-AH 20.1 35.5 2.54 22.5 5.08 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.22 neg. neg. neg. 0.39 0.329 12.4
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 20.3 34.6 2.58 22.7 5.15 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.24 neg. neg. neg. 0.395 0.334 12.6
FRE-114-2-5-OK 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-5-CHA 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-5-PD 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-5-TAH 24.5 32.5 2.34 21.8 4.92 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.2 neg. neg. neg. 0.378 0.319 12
FREB-7-AST 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-7-AVE 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-7-BLC 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-7-CAV 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-7-CHA 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-7-DUN 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-7-FUM 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-7-HDN 24.5 32.5 2.34 21.8 4.92 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.2 neg. neg. neg. 0.378 0.319 12
FREB-7-TAH 24.5 32.5 2.34 21.8 4.92 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.2 neg. neg. neg. 0.378 0.319 12
FREB-7-TTN 23.9 34.9 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-9-CHA 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-HB-CHA 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-HB-FUM 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5
FREB-HB-TAH 23.7 35.2 2.24 20.9 4.71 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.15 neg. neg. neg. 0.362 0.305 11.5

Renewable Resources

Table 36: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: Renewable Resources(RR), m3 note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 99.5 0.0431 0.104 0.0639 0.104 NA NA NA NA 0.12 NA NA NA 0.00102 0.000463 0.00719
Maximum 99.5 0.0617 0.116 0.0716 0.116 NA NA NA NA 0.133 NA NA NA 0.00113 0.000516 0.00803
Mean 99.5 0.0596 0.106 0.0669 0.109 NA NA NA NA 0.124 NA NA NA 0.00106 0.000482 0.0075
Median 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 NA NA NA NA 0.122 NA NA NA 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FRE-114-3-5-AW 99.5 0.0616 0.108 0.0639 0.104 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.12 neg. neg. neg. 0.00102 0.000463 0.00719
FRE-114-3-5-AH 99.5 0.0617 0.115 0.069 0.112 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.128 neg. neg. neg. 0.0011 0.000499 0.00772
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 99.5 0.0431 0.116 0.069 0.112 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.129 neg. neg. neg. 0.0011 5e-04 0.00778
FRE-114-2-5-OK 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-5-CHA 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-5-PD 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-5-TAH 99.5 0.0599 0.113 0.0716 0.116 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.133 neg. neg. neg. 0.00113 0.000516 0.00803
FREB-7-AST 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-7-AVE 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-7-BLC 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-7-CAV 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-7-CHA 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-7-DUN 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-7-FUM 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-7-HDN 99.5 0.0599 0.113 0.0716 0.116 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.133 neg. neg. neg. 0.00113 0.000516 0.00803
FREB-7-TAH 99.5 0.0599 0.113 0.0716 0.116 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.133 neg. neg. neg. 0.00113 0.000516 0.00803
FREB-7-TTN 99.5 0.0591 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-9-CHA 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-HB-CHA 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-HB-FUM 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739
FREB-HB-TAH 99.5 0.0604 0.104 0.0659 0.107 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.122 neg. neg. neg. 0.00104 0.000475 0.00739

Abiotic Depletion-elements

Table 37: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: Abiotic Depletion-elements(ADPe), kg Sbeq note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 15.3 21.5 1.74 38.5 10.5 NA NA NA NA 2.92 NA NA NA 0.652 0.108 3.32
Maximum 17.2 26.5 1.98 41.6 11.3 NA NA NA NA 3.09 NA NA NA 0.703 0.117 3.61
Mean 16.3 25.2 1.77 39.1 10.6 NA NA NA NA 2.94 NA NA NA 0.659 0.109 3.37
Median 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 NA NA NA NA 2.92 NA NA NA 0.653 0.108 3.34
FRE-114-3-5-AW 15.7 26.5 1.84 38.5 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.95 neg. neg. neg. 0.652 0.108 3.32
FRE-114-3-5-AH 15.3 25.3 1.88 39.6 10.7 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.94 neg. neg. neg. 0.669 0.111 3.41
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 16.1 21.5 1.98 41.6 11.3 neg. neg. neg. neg. 3.09 neg. neg. neg. 0.703 0.117 3.61
FRE-114-2-5-OK 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-5-CHA 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-5-PD 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-5-TAH 16.6 23.7 1.8 39.9 10.8 neg. neg. neg. neg. 3.01 neg. neg. neg. 0.673 0.111 3.44
FREB-7-AST 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-7-AVE 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-7-BLC 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-7-CAV 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-7-CHA 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-7-DUN 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-7-FUM 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-7-HDN 16.6 23.7 1.8 39.9 10.8 neg. neg. neg. neg. 3.01 neg. neg. neg. 0.673 0.111 3.44
FREB-7-TAH 16.6 23.7 1.8 39.9 10.8 neg. neg. neg. neg. 3.01 neg. neg. neg. 0.673 0.111 3.44
FREB-7-TTN 17.2 24.7 1.75 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.654 0.108 3.35
FREB-9-CHA 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-HB-CHA 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-HB-FUM 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34
FREB-HB-TAH 16.3 25.7 1.74 38.8 10.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 2.92 neg. neg. neg. 0.653 0.108 3.34

Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels

Table 38: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels(ADPf), kg Sbeq note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 17.9 15.5 16 19 13.3 NA NA NA NA 6.59 NA NA NA 0.281 0.0879 1.95
Maximum 19.6 23.8 18.7 21.4 14.9 NA NA NA NA 7.37 NA NA NA 0.315 0.0987 2.2
Mean 18.5 22.7 16.3 19.7 13.7 NA NA NA NA 6.78 NA NA NA 0.29 0.0905 2.01
Median 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 NA NA NA NA 6.73 NA NA NA 0.288 0.0899 2
FRE-114-3-5-AW 18.4 23.8 16.6 19 13.3 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.59 neg. neg. neg. 0.281 0.0879 1.95
FRE-114-3-5-AH 17.9 22.7 17 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.74 neg. neg. neg. 0.289 0.0902 2
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 19.6 15.5 18.7 21.4 14.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.37 neg. neg. neg. 0.315 0.0987 2.2
FRE-114-2-5-OK 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-5-CHA 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-5-PD 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-5-TAH 18.2 21.9 16.5 20.1 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.91 neg. neg. neg. 0.296 0.0923 2.06
FREB-7-AST 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-7-AVE 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-7-BLC 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-7-CAV 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-7-CHA 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-7-DUN 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-7-FUM 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-7-HDN 18.2 21.9 16.5 20.1 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.91 neg. neg. neg. 0.296 0.0923 2.06
FREB-7-TAH 18.2 21.9 16.5 20.1 13.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.91 neg. neg. neg. 0.296 0.0923 2.06
FREB-7-TTN 19.3 22.7 16 19.4 13.5 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.69 neg. neg. neg. 0.286 0.0893 1.99
FREB-9-CHA 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-HB-CHA 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-HB-FUM 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2
FREB-HB-TAH 18.5 23.2 16.1 19.6 13.6 neg. neg. neg. neg. 6.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.288 0.0899 2

water depletion: WDP

Table 39: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: water depletion: WDP(WDP), m3 water-. note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 35.3 5.59 9.62 6.61 23.1 NA NA NA NA 7.22 NA NA NA 0.104 2.4 0.757
Maximum 43.4 8.01 11.8 7.65 26.9 NA NA NA NA 8.34 NA NA NA 0.121 2.79 0.881
Mean 37.2 7.48 10.8 7.33 25.7 NA NA NA NA 8.01 NA NA NA 0.116 2.67 0.84
Median 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 NA NA NA NA 8.08 NA NA NA 0.117 2.69 0.848
FRE-114-3-5-AW 36.1 8.01 11.3 7.3 25.7 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.04 neg. neg. neg. 0.116 2.66 0.839
FRE-114-3-5-AH 35.3 7.62 11.5 7.49 26.3 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.16 neg. neg. neg. 0.118 2.73 0.857
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 36 5.59 11.8 7.65 26.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.34 neg. neg. neg. 0.121 2.79 0.881
FRE-114-2-5-OK 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-5-CHA 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-5-PD 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-5-TAH 39.9 6.74 10.3 7.08 24.8 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.112 2.57 0.811
FREB-7-AST 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-7-AVE 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-7-BLC 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-7-CAV 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-7-CHA 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-7-DUN 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-7-FUM 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-7-HDN 39.9 6.74 10.3 7.08 24.8 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.112 2.57 0.811
FREB-7-TAH 39.9 6.74 10.3 7.08 24.8 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.73 neg. neg. neg. 0.112 2.57 0.811
FREB-7-TTN 43.4 6.79 9.62 6.61 23.1 neg. neg. neg. neg. 7.22 neg. neg. neg. 0.104 2.4 0.757
FREB-9-CHA 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-HB-CHA 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-HB-FUM 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848
FREB-HB-TAH 36.5 7.75 10.8 7.4 25.9 neg. neg. neg. neg. 8.08 neg. neg. neg. 0.117 2.69 0.848

environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste

Table 40: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste(LFW), kg waste note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 3.52 22.5 2.57 13.6 0.941 NA NA NA NA 0.814 NA NA NA 0.239 0.159 52.6
Maximum 4.31 25.2 2.8 14.1 0.97 NA NA NA NA 0.84 NA NA NA 0.246 0.164 54.3
Mean 4.13 24.3 2.61 13.8 0.947 NA NA NA NA 0.819 NA NA NA 0.241 0.16 53
Median 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 NA NA NA NA 0.814 NA NA NA 0.239 0.159 52.6
FRE-114-3-5-AW 3.64 25.2 2.72 13.6 0.942 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.821 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.7
FRE-114-3-5-AH 3.52 23.6 2.78 14 0.963 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.826 neg. neg. neg. 0.245 0.163 53.9
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 3.54 23.1 2.8 14.1 0.97 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.831 neg. neg. neg. 0.246 0.164 54.3
FRE-114-2-5-OK 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-5-CHA 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-5-PD 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-5-TAH 4.22 22.5 2.65 14.1 0.97 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.84 neg. neg. neg. 0.246 0.164 54.3
FREB-7-AST 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-7-AVE 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-7-BLC 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-7-CAV 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-7-CHA 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-7-DUN 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-7-FUM 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-7-HDN 4.22 22.5 2.65 14.1 0.97 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.84 neg. neg. neg. 0.246 0.164 54.3
FREB-7-TAH 4.22 22.5 2.65 14.1 0.97 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.84 neg. neg. neg. 0.246 0.164 54.3
FREB-7-TTN 4.31 24.5 2.57 13.7 0.942 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.815 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.7
FREB-9-CHA 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-HB-CHA 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-HB-FUM 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6
FREB-HB-TAH 4.21 24.7 2.57 13.7 0.941 neg. neg. neg. neg. 0.814 neg. neg. neg. 0.239 0.159 52.6

environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste

Table 41: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste(LFHW), kg waste note: neg.= negligble

Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4
Minimum 16.3 26.6 2.09 32.2 6.59 NA NA NA NA 1.26 NA NA NA 0.532 0.128 3.2
Maximum 22.5 32.9 2.31 36.5 7.42 NA NA NA NA 1.4 NA NA NA 0.599 0.145 3.62
Mean 18.6 32.3 2.16 34.4 7.01 NA NA NA NA 1.32 NA NA NA 0.565 0.136 3.42
Median 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 NA NA NA NA 1.31 NA NA NA 0.56 0.135 3.39
FRE-114-3-5-AW 21.7 32.4 2.09 32.2 6.59 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.26 neg. neg. neg. 0.532 0.128 3.2
FRE-114-3-5-AH 21.1 31.1 2.17 33.5 6.83 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.27 neg. neg. neg. 0.552 0.133 3.32
FRED-114-2-5-ACA 22.5 26.6 2.31 35.7 7.29 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.36 neg. neg. neg. 0.588 0.142 3.56
FRE-114-2-5-OK 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-5-CHA 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-5-PD 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-5-TAH 16.3 31.7 2.27 36.5 7.42 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.4 neg. neg. neg. 0.599 0.145 3.62
FREB-7-AST 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-7-AVE 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-7-BLC 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-7-CAV 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-7-CHA 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-7-CHA-SEL 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-7-DUN 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-7-FUM 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-7-HDN 16.3 31.7 2.27 36.5 7.42 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.4 neg. neg. neg. 0.599 0.145 3.62
FREB-7-TAH 16.3 31.7 2.27 36.5 7.42 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.4 neg. neg. neg. 0.599 0.145 3.62
FREB-7-TTN 17.7 32.9 2.16 34.7 7.06 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.33 neg. neg. neg. 0.571 0.138 3.45
FREB-9-CHA 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-HB-CHA 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-HB-FUM 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39
FREB-HB-TAH 18.5 32.9 2.13 34.1 6.94 neg. neg. neg. neg. 1.31 neg. neg. neg. 0.56 0.135 3.39

Interpretation

During the 75 year Reference Service Life (RSL), it was found that the life cycle impacts for Global Warming Potential (GWP) of products considered in this EPD were almost equally distributed amongst the A2, A3 and A4 modules (~20%) of the product lifecycle. It was found that the transport of raw material and finished goods using diesel-powered trucks accounted for almost 30% of the total impacts across the lifecycle. The total impacts due to trans-oceanic shipping of raw materials and finished goods were found to be roughly 12%-15% of the total impacts. Hence, mitigating these impacts through further LCA studies exploring the various transport combinations could provide a better outlook into improving these impacts. Electricity consumption at the facility accounted for the highest A3 impacts (~17%) since the facility employs several machineries for sawing, drying, hot-pressing and other activities at site. The installation process accounted for 9% of the impacts with installation glue responsible for most of the impacts. These impacts could be considerably reduced by using nailed or floated methods for installation of engineered wood flooring. Over the 75 year RSL, two refurbishment events were scheduled and accounted for 7% of the total impacts while the disposal (C1-C4) impacts were calculated to contribute to roughly 4% of the total impacts.

Some limitations associated to this study are given below:

  1. Although ecoInvent v3.6 was used as a background database, it doesn’t fully represent the region of China and its geographical representativeness was deemed as fair.

  2. Only facility-wide energy consumption values were available. Hence, impacts due to electricity for each unit process could not be calculated.

  3. The percentage of ammonia retrieved from the scrubbers installed at the facility was not known and hence 100% primary material was considered for Ammonia used at site for fuming of products.

  4. The installation, repair and refurbishment of engineered wood flooring is dependent on the site conditions such as sub-floor type, moisture content, type of refurbishment, etc. and the materials used for these processes are greatly varied. Hence, a mixture of materials were considered in this study which may or may not be used during the actual installation of these products.

  5. Only known and quantifiable impacts have been considered.

Additional Environmental Info

No regulated substances of very high concern are utilized on site.

While this EPD does not address all forest management activities that influence forest carbon, wildlife habitat, endangered species, and soil and water quality, these potential impacts may be addressed through other mechanisms such as regulatory frameworks and/or forest certification systems which, combined with this EPD, will give a more complete picture of environmental and social performance of wood products.

Allwood Group LLC’s products are Floorscore® certified (SCS-FS-05461) and within the TVOC range required for certification. The company could be reached out through their website to get access to their certifications.

Wood waste produced during flooring manufacturing has been minimised by recycling the waste to form woodchips and power the boiler for veneer drying and space heating requirements. Wood waste in general is considered non-hazardous waste and is disposed off in accordance with the local requirements.

Hardwood flooring needs regular cleaning in order to remove grit and sand either by sweeping the floor with a broom or vacuum cleaner. Sweeping with a broom significantly reduces environmental burden compared to vacuuming. Periodic cleaning can be done by mopping the floor with water and a floor cleaner for engineered wood flooring. Avoid cleaners with harsh chemicals (such as ammonia), as these can damage the finish on the flooring. Apply the cleaning agent with a rag, mop, or sponge. Like with regular mopping, it’s important to keep the mop or rag damp but not wet. Once the cleaning product has been applied, rinse the floors with water, then wipe them down with a clean, dry towel to eliminate any excess moisture.

The end-of-life disposal of engineered wood flooring could be improved by sending it to dedicated recycling units located near the building site. As per the US EPA report: Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet (US EPA 2020), negligble percentage of wood waste actually recycles. This could be improved by developing and providing easier access to more recycling facilities in the country.

References

ISO Standards:

  • ISO 6707-1: 2014 Buildings and Civil Engineering Works - Vocabulary - Part 1: General Terms
  • ISO 14021:1999 Environmental Labels and Declarations - Self-declared Environmental Claims (Type II Environmental Labeling)
  • ISO 14025:2006 Environmental Labels and Declarations - Type III Environmental Declarations - Principles and Procedures
  • ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework
  • ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Requirements and Guidelines
  • ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse Gases – Carbon Footprint of Products – Requirements and Guidelines for Quantification
  • ISO 14050:2009 Environmental Management - Vocabulary
  • ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in Building Construction - Environmental Declaration of Building Products

EN Standards:

  • EN 16757 Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations – Product Category Rules for concrete and concrete elements
  • EN 15804 Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations -Core rules for the product category of construction products

Other References:

Appendix A: Master Table of aggregated impact results

Table 42: A reference to all impact indicators and metrics considered
environmental impact: acidification kg SO2eq AP.mol.H.eq
environmental impact: ecotoxicity kg 2,4-D-. EP.kg.N.eq
environmental impact: eutrophication kg N ETP.kg.2.4.D.eq
environmental impact: global warming kg CO2-Eq GWP.kg.CO2.eq
environmental impact: ozone depletion kg CFC-11. ODP.kg.CFC.11.eq
environmental impact: photochemical oxidation kg O3eq PCOP.kg.NOx.eq
human health: carcinogenics kg benzen. HHC.kg.C6H6.eq
human health: non-carcinogenics kg toluen. HHNC.kg.C7H8.eq
human health: respiratory effects, average kg PM2.5-. HHRE.kg.PM2.5.eq
biomass: renewable energy resources, biomass MJ-Eq RER.bio.MJ.eq
geothermal: renewable energy resources, geothermal, converted MJ-Eq RER.geo.MJ.eq
solar: renewable energy resources, solar, converted MJ-Eq RER.sol.MJ.eq
wind: renewable energy resources, kinetic (in wind), converted MJ-Eq RER.wnd.MJ.eq
water: renewable energy resources, potential (in barrage water), converted MJ-Eq RER.H2O.MJ.eq
fossil: non-renewable energy resources, fossil MJ-Eq NRER.ff.MJ.eq
nuclear: non-renewable energy resources, nuclear MJ-Eq NRER.nuc.MJ.eq
primary forest: non-renewable energy resources, primary forest MJ-Eq NRER.primBio.MJ.eq
environmental impact: land filling, bulk waste kg waste LFW.kg.wste
environmental impact: land filling, hazardous waste kg waste LFHW.kg.wste
Non-Renewable Resources kg NRR.kg
resource consumption: renewable resources, wood m3 RR.wood.kg
water depletion: WDP m3 water-. WDP.kg
Abiotic Depletion-elements kg Sbeq ADPe.kg.SB.eq
Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels kg Sbeq ADPf.kg.SB.eq
Total primary energy MJ-Eq TPE.MJ.eq
Renewable energy MJ-Eq RE.MJ.eq
Non-renewable energy MJ-Eq NRE.MJ.eq
Renewable Resources m3 RR.kg

Table 43: A master table of all results across all products (A1 to A3 aggregated)